MA NGSS Grade 8 Science Standards PS 1-1 Develop a model to describe that elements combine in a multitude of ways to produce substances which make up all of the living and nonliving things that we encounter. PS 1-2 Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred. PS 1-4 Develop a model that describes and predicts changes in particle motion, relative spatial arrangement, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed. PS 1-5 Use a model to explain that substances are rearranged during a chemical reaction to form new molecules with new properties. Explain that atoms present in the reactants are all present in the products and thus the total number of atoms is conserved.
PS 2-1 Develop a model that demonstrates Newton’s 3rd Law that involves the motion of two colliding objects. PS 2-2 Provide evidence that the change in an object’s motions depends on the sum of the forces on the object (the net force) and the mass of the object. ES 1-1b Develop and use a model of the Earth-Sun system to explain the cyclical pattern of seasons, which included the Earth’s tilt and differential intensity of sunlight on different areas of Earth across the year. ES 1-2 Explain the role of gravity in ocean tides, the orbital motions of planets, their moons, and asteroids in the solar system.
LS 1-5 Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factor factors influence the growth of organisms. LS 1-7 Describe that food molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins and fats, are broken down and rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support growth and or release of energy. LS 3-1 Develop and use a model to describe that structural changes to genes (mutations) may or may not result in changes to proteins, and if there are changes to proteins there may be harmful, beneficial, or neutral changes to traits. LS 3-2 Develop and use a model to describe how asexual reproduction results can identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation. Compare and contrast advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction. LS 3-3 Communicate through writing and in diagrams that chromosomes contain many distinct genes, and that each chromosome pair contain two alleles that can be the same or different from each other. Illustrate that each gene holds the instruction for the production of specific proteins which in turn affects the traits of an individual. LS 3-4 Develop and use a model to show that in sexually reproducing organisms individuals have 2 of each chromosome, and hence two alleles of each gene, one acquired (randomly) from each parent. LS 4-4 Explain the mechanism of natural selection, in which genetic variations of some traits in a population increase some individual’s likelihood of surviving and reproducing in a changing environment. Provide evidence that natural selection occurs over many generations. LS 4-5 Synthesize and communicate information about artificial selection, or the ways in which humans have changed the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.
ES 2-1 Develop and use a model to illustrate that energy from the Earth’s interior drives convection which cycles Earth’s crust leading to melting, crystallization, weathering and deformation of large rock formations, including generation of ocean sea floor at ridges, submergence of ocean sea floor at trenches, mountain building and active volcanic chains. ES 2-5 Interpret basic weather data to identify patterns in air mass interactions and the relationship of those patterns to weather. ES 2-6 Describe how interactions involving the ocean affect weather and climate on a regional scale, including the influence of the ocean temperature as mediated by energy input from the sun and energy loss due to evaporation or redistribution via ocean currents. ES 3-1 Analyze and interpret data to explain that the Earth’s mineral and fossil fuel resources are unevenly distributed as a result of geologic processes. ES 3-5 Examine and interpret data to describe the role that human activities have played in causing the rise in global temperatures over the past century.
ETS 2-4 Recognize that materials maintain their composition under various kinds of physical processing; however, some material properties may change if a process changes the particulate structure of a material. ETS 2-5 Describe how a product can be created using basic processes in manufacturing systems, including forming, separating, conditioning, assembling, finishing, quality control, and safety.